{"id":22579,"date":"2020-07-24T08:07:32","date_gmt":"2020-07-24T05:07:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.silutesnaujienos.lt\/lt\/?p=22579"},"modified":"2020-07-24T08:07:32","modified_gmt":"2020-07-24T05:07:32","slug":"mazas-vabalas-dideli-medi-prazudo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.silutesnaujienos.lt\/lt\/mazas-vabalas-dideli-medi-prazudo\/","title":{"rendered":"Ma\u017eas vabalas \u2013 didel\u012f med\u012f pra\u017eudo"},"content":{"rendered":"

Paplitimas ir buvein\u0117s<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u017d. tipografas sutinkamas Europoje ir Azijoje, jo paplitimo arealas i\u0161 esm\u0117s sutampa su paprastosios egl\u0117s arealu. Nors paprastoji egl\u0117 yra pagrindinis \u0161io vabalo augalas-\u0161eimininkas, pasitaiko atvej\u0173, kai \u017e. tipografas kolonizuoja ir kitas spygliuo\u010di\u0173 r\u016b\u0161is. D\u0117l \u0161ios prie\u017easties, \u0161alys u\u017e Eurazijos rib\u0173 deda dideles pastangas, kad \u0161is vabalas neb\u016bt\u0173 \u012fve\u017etas su medienos produkcija.<\/p>\n

Medyn\u0173 ribose, pirmiausiai kolonizuojamos v\u0117jovartos, v\u0117jolau\u017eos ir d\u0117l \u012fvairi\u0173 prie\u017eas\u010di\u0173 nusilpusios egl\u0117s, esan\u010dios palauk\u0117se, greta kirtavie\u010di\u0173 ir mi\u0161ko aik\u0161teli\u0173. \u017d. tipografo populiacijos gausos atvejais atvejais, \u0161ie vabalai apninka ir egles, esan\u010dias tankm\u0117je, bei geba pakartotin\u0117mis atakomis \u012fveikti sveikus med\u017eius. Labiausiai pa\u017eeid\u017eiami senesni, nei 50 met\u0173 medynai.<\/p>\n

Biologija ir daromos \u017ealos pob\u016bdis<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u017d. tipografai yra tamsiai rudi arba juodi, cilindri\u0161ki, 4-5,5 mm ilgio vabalai, skraidantys nuo baland\u017eio iki rugpj\u016b\u010dio m\u0117n. imtinai. Skraidymas vyksta \u0161viesiuoju paros metu, masin\u0117 med\u017ei\u0173 kolonizacija prasideda orui su\u0161ilus iki +15\u00baC – +18\u00baC. Efektyviai med\u017ei\u0173 kolonizacijai reikalingos ir viena po kitos pasikartojan\u010di\u0173 saus\u0173 ir kar\u0161t\u0173 dien\u0173 ciklai. \u0160iai vabal\u0173 r\u016b\u0161iai, norint sud\u0117ti kiau\u0161inius ir i\u0161perinti nauj\u0105 vad\u0105, b\u016btina i\u0161grau\u017eti specifinius takus po gyv\u0173 egli\u0173 \u017eieve. Med\u017ei\u0173 kolonizacij\u0105 pradeda patinai \u012fsigrau\u017edami po \u017eieve ir, skleisdami feromonus, vilioja pateles bei kitus patinus. Apvaisintos patel\u0117s motininiuose tuneliuose sudeda kiau\u0161in\u0117lius, i\u0161 kuri\u0173 i\u0161sirita balk\u0161vos, bekoj\u0117s, rudagalv\u0117s lervos. I\u0161siritusios lervos pradeda grau\u017eti lerv\u0173 tunelius, kuri\u0173 galuose suformuojamos l\u0117liuki\u0173 kameros. I\u0161 l\u0117liuki\u0173 i\u0161sirita plaukuoti, \u0161viesiai rudi vabal\u0173 jaunikliai, kurie i\u0161sigrau\u017eia paliekam\u0105sias angas egli\u0173 \u017eiev\u0117je ir palieka gimt\u0105j\u012f med\u012f. Pilnas vienos generacijos vystymasis trunka nuo 7 iki 11 savai\u010di\u0173. Vabal\u0173 generacij\u0173 gausa labai priklauso nuo oro s\u0105lyg\u0173. Esant palankiems (t.y. sausiems ir kar\u0161tiems) orams, \u017e. tipografas veda dvi pagrindines (pirmoji baland\u017eio – bir\u017eelio, antroji liepos-rugpj\u016b\u010dio m\u0117n) bei iki 2-3 seserini\u0173 generacij\u0173.<\/p>\n

\u017d. tipografo pa\u017eeist\u0173 egli\u0173 mirtingumas yra auk\u0161tas, nes vabalai ir j\u0173 lervos sunaikina gyvybi\u0161kai svarbius med\u017ei\u0173 audinius karnienoje. Pana\u0161iai, kaip ir kiti \u017eiev\u0117grau\u017eiai vabzd\u017eiai, \u017e. tipografas, \u012fsigrau\u017edamas \u012f egli\u0173 kamienus, perne\u0161a medienos puvinius bei pam\u0117lynavim\u0105 sukelian\u010dias gryb\u0173 r\u016b\u0161is (labiausiai pamin\u0117tini yra Ceratocystis polonica ir Ophiostoma genties atstovai), kurie paspartina med\u017ei\u0173 \u017e\u016bt\u012f bei menkina komercin\u0119 medienos vert\u0119.<\/p>\n

Pa\u017eaid\u0173 simptomai<\/strong><\/p>\n

Atpa\u017einti \u017e. tipografo kolonizuojamus med\u017eius ne visada paprasta. \u0160i\u0173 vabal\u0173 pa\u017eeist\u0173 egli\u0173 lajos kur\u012f laik\u0105 vizualiai nesiskiria nuo sveik\u0173. Pagrindiniai simptomai, rodantys \u017e. tipograf\u0173 kolonizacij\u0105 \u2013 ant \u017eiev\u0117s apatin\u0117je kamieno dalyje arba prie med\u017ei\u0173 matomos rudos smulkios \u017eiev\u0117s i\u0161grau\u017eos, po \u017eiev\u0117s \u017evynais ir \u017eiev\u0117s pavir\u0161iaus nelygumuose galima pasteb\u0117ti vabal\u0173 \u012fsigrau\u017eimo angas bei sak\u0173 i\u0161siskyrimo po\u017eymius. Taip pat, med\u017eiai pradeda mesti spyglius, laikui b\u0117gant spygliai pagelsta ir paruduoja. Vabal\u0173 buvim\u0105 med\u017eiuose i\u0161duoda ir geni\u0173 aktyvumas.<\/p>\n

\u012etarus \u017e. tipografo kolonizacij\u0105, galima nupjauti modelin\u012f med\u012f ir, lupant \u017eiev\u0119, ie\u0161koti vabal\u0173 ir j\u0173 lerv\u0173. Radus pa\u017eeist\u0105 med\u012f, b\u016btina kruop\u0161\u010diai ap\u017ei\u016br\u0117ti ir kitas egles, augan\u010dias spinduliu iki 50 metr\u0173.<\/p>\n

Jei \u017eiev\u0117s pavir\u0161iuje matomos tankios, ovalios skylut\u0117s – tai rei\u0161kia, kad i\u0161siper\u0117jusi naujoji vabal\u0173 vada med\u012f jau paliko, ir mi\u0161ko sanitarin\u0117s apsaugos priemon\u0117s jau pav\u0117luotos. Jei lupasi ir krenta pa\u017eeist\u0173 egli\u0173 \u017eiev\u0117, tuomet tokie med\u017eiai jau yra \u017euv\u0119 ir j\u0173 \u0161alinimas yra netgi nepageidautinas, nes \u017e. tipografas \u012f tokius med\u017eius jau nebesugr\u012f\u0161, ta\u010diau jie dar gali pasitarnauti kaip bio\u012fvairov\u0117s \u0161altinis ir \u017e. tipografo populiacijos gausum\u0105 reguliuojan\u010di\u0173 r\u016b\u0161i\u0173 buvein\u0117s.<\/p>\n

Kontrol\u0117s priemon\u0117s<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tam, kad \u017e. tipografo populiacijos gausos kontrol\u0117 b\u016bt\u0173 efektyvi, b\u016btina laikytis Mi\u0161ko sanitain\u0117s apsaugos taisykli\u0173 bei rekomendacij\u0173, i\u0161d\u0117styt\u0173 \u017eemiau.<\/p>\n

1. Nuo gegu\u017e\u0117s 15 d. iki rugpj\u016b\u010dio 30 d. reguliariai \u017evalgyti senesnius, nei 50 met\u0173, eglynus. \u017dvalgyb\u0105 yra logi\u0161ka derinti su i\u0161ankstin\u0117mis \u017e. tipografo populiacijos gausos poky\u010di\u0173 prognoz\u0117mis bei meteorologiniais duomenimis. Kasmetin\u0117s \u017e. tipografo populiacijos gausos prognoz\u0117s yra skelbiamos Valstybin\u0117s mi\u0161k\u0173 tarnybos puslapyje. Vabal\u0173 skraidymo intensyvumas labai priklauso nuo oro s\u0105lyg\u0173. Nustatyta, kad esant pakankamam populiacijos gausumui, reikia ne ma\u017eiau kaip trij\u0173 saus\u0173 ir \u0161ilt\u0173 dien\u0173, kad vabalai s\u0117kmingai kolonizuot\u0173 gyvybingas egles.<\/p>\n

2. \u017d. tipografo apgyvendinti med\u017eiai iki pirm\u0173j\u0173 l\u0117liuki\u0173 susiformavimo turi b\u016bti i\u0161kirsti sanitariniais kirtimais ir i\u0161ve\u017eti ne ar\u010diau kaip 3 km (efektyvus suaugusi\u0173 vabal\u0173 skraidymo nuotolis) nuo medyno pakra\u0161\u010dio, kuriame spygliuo\u010di\u0173 med\u017ei\u0173 r\u016b\u0161i\u0173 kiekis yra daugiau kaip 20 procent\u0173. Med\u017eius galima nu\u017eievinti, arba kenk\u0117jus sunaikinti kitais b\u016bdais. Ne vegetacijos metu pasteb\u0117tas \u017eiev\u0117grau\u017ei\u0173 apniktas egles galima i\u0161 mi\u0161ko \u0161alinti iki pavasarinio or\u0173 at\u0161ilimo.<\/p>\n

3. Naudoti feromonines vabzd\u017ei\u0173 gaudykles ir\/arba vabzd\u017eiagaud\u017eius med\u017eius-sp\u0105stus. Feromonin\u0117s gaudykl\u0117s \u017eiev\u0117grau\u017eio tipografo gaudymui i\u0161d\u0117stomos \u0161vie\u017eiose plynose egl\u0117s kirtaviet\u0117se prie\u0161 vabal\u0173 skraidym\u0105 (baland\u017eio pabaiga), ne ar\u010diau kaip 20 m nuo mi\u0161ko pakra\u0161\u010dio ir ne ar\u010diau kaip 40 m viena nuo kitos. Egl\u0117s vabzd\u017eiagaud\u017eiai med\u017eiai ir mediena i\u0161d\u0117stomi ankstesni\u0173 met\u0173 \u017eiev\u0117grau\u017eio tipografo \u017eidiniuose arba \u0161vie\u017eiose kirtimo bir\u017e\u0117se. Didesniam efektyvumui pasiekti vabzd\u017eiagaud\u0117 mediena gali b\u016bti apipur\u0161kiama insekticidais. Neapdorot\u0105 insekticidais vabzd\u017eiagaud\u0119 medien\u0105 i\u0161 mi\u0161ko b\u016btina i\u0161ve\u017eti, kai po \u017eieve randamos pirmosios l\u0117liuk\u0117s. Insekticidais nupurk\u0161t\u0105 vabzd\u017eiagaud\u0119 medien\u0105 galima i\u0161ve\u017eti bir\u017eelio m\u0117n. prad\u017eioje.<\/p>\n

4. B\u016btina i\u0161valyti kirtavietes nuo baland\u017eio 1 d. iki rugs\u0117jo 1 d. nuo \u017eali\u0173 egl\u0117s kirtimo liekan\u0173 su \u017eieve, kuri\u0173 skersmuo storiausioje dalyje didesnis kaip 8 cm ir kurios yra ilgesn\u0117s nei 1 m.
\n5. \u017dalia egl\u0117s mediena nuo baland\u017eio 20 d. iki rugs\u0117jo 1 d. turi b\u016bti i\u0161ve\u017eta i\u0161 mi\u0161ko arba apdorota insekticidais, arba nu\u017eievinta, arba kitais b\u016bdais apsaugota (apdengta insekticidiniu tinklu, pl\u0117vele, \u0161akomis, ar kt. med\u017eiagomis, dr\u0117kinama, pamerkta \u012f vanden\u012f) nuo med\u017ei\u0173 liemen\u0173 pavojing\u0173 kenk\u0117j\u0173 per 10 dien\u0173 nuo jos i\u0161kirtimo. Jei i\u0161kirsta mediena jau yra kolonizuota, ji turi b\u016bti skubiai i\u0161ve\u017eta i\u0161 mi\u0161ko arba nu\u017eievinta, o \u017eiev\u0117 u\u017ekasta arba sudeginta.<\/p>\n

6. Sanitariniais mi\u0161ko kirtimais turi b\u016bti i\u0161kertamos \u017eali\u0173 egli\u0173 v\u0117jovartos, v\u0117jolau\u017eos, sniegolau\u017eos ir labai pa\u017eeisti med\u017eiai iki med\u017ei\u0173 liemen\u0173 pavojing\u0173 kenk\u0117j\u0173 apsigyvenimo juose. Labai svarbu \u0161altuoju met\u0173 laiku atsiradusias \u017ealias v\u0117jovartas ir v\u0117jolau\u017eas sutvarkyti iki pavasarinio or\u0173 at\u0161ilimo.<\/p>\n

Ekologin\u0117 ir ekonomin\u0117 svarba <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0160ie i\u0161skirtin\u0117s svarbos vabalai yra labai reik\u0161mingi tiek ekologine, tiek ekonomine prasm\u0117mis. \u017diev\u0117grau\u017eis tipografas yra kertin\u0117 eglynuose gyvenanti r\u016b\u0161is, kuri, i\u0161sivys\u010dius gausiai vabal\u0173 vadai, gali drasti\u0161kai pakeisti vis\u0105 ekosistem\u0105, pra\u017eudant ne tik pavienius nusilpusius med\u017eius, bet ir i\u0161tisus medynus, taip atveriant keli\u0105 kitoms augalijos bei j\u0105 lydin\u010dioms r\u016b\u0161ims. Tai savoti\u0161kas ekosistem\u0173 kaitos ir bio\u012fvairov\u0117s variklis. Ta\u010diau privalu konstatuoti ir tai, kad \u017e. tipografo \u017eidini\u0173 plitimas lengvai i\u0161eina i\u0161 ekosistem\u0173 savireguliacijos rib\u0173 ir da\u017enai grasina vis\u0173 aplink \u0161i\u0173 vabal\u0173 populiacijos gaus\u0117jimo \u017eidinius esan\u010di\u0173 paprastosios egl\u0117s medyn\u0173 praradimu. Tam yra dvi pagrindin\u0117s prie\u017eastys – a) egl\u0117s yra labai lengvai pa\u017eeid\u017eiamos v\u0117jovart\u0173 d\u0117l savo pavir\u0161in\u0117s \u0161akn\u0173 sistemos, ir b) d\u0117l \u0161ilt\u0117jan\u010di\u0173 vasar\u0173 s\u0105lygos plisti \u017e. tipografams yra labai palankios. Net jei v\u0117jas visi\u0161kai nei\u0161ver\u010dia egli\u0173, tokie med\u017eiai greitai nusilpsta d\u0117l nutraukyt\u0173 dirvo\u017eemyje \u0161akn\u0173 ir tampa lengvu \u017e. tipograf\u0173 grobiu. D\u0117l \u0161i\u0173 prie\u017eas\u010di\u0173 palankios s\u0105lygos \u017e. tipograf\u0173 populiacijos \u201esprogimui\u201c susidaro da\u017enai ir nuostoli\u0173 ne visada pavyksta i\u0161vengti. Pavyzd\u017eiui, 1994 -1997 m. \u012fvykusi \u017e. tipografo epidemija kilo d\u0117l siautusi\u0173 uraganini\u0173 v\u0117j\u0173 sukelt\u0173 v\u0117jovart\u0173 bei po to sekusi\u0173 kar\u0161t\u0173 ir saus\u0173 vasar\u0173. Epidemija pra\u017eud\u0117 did\u017ei\u0105j\u0105 dal\u012f \u0161alies eglyn\u0173, \u017eidiniai kasmet apimdavo nuo ~ 60 000 iki 160 000 ha medyn\u0173, sanitariniais kirtimais teko i\u0161kirsti apie 3 milijonus m\u00b3 medienos. Akivaizdu, kad \u017e. tipografo plitimo kontrol\u0117 yra labai atsakinga u\u017eduotis, tod\u0117l mi\u0161ko savininkams ir valdytojams b\u016btina ne tik tinkamai pri\u017ei\u016br\u0117ti savo mi\u0161kus, bet ir derinti bei koordinuoti aplinkosaugin\u0119 bei mi\u0161kininkyst\u0117s veiklas.\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Paplitimas ir buvein\u0117s \u017d. tipografas sutinkamas Europoje ir Azijoje, jo paplitimo arealas i\u0161 esm\u0117s sutampa su paprastosios egl\u0117s arealu. Nors paprastoji egl\u0117 yra pagrindinis \u0161io vabalo augalas-\u0161eimininkas, pasitaiko atvej\u0173, kai \u017e. tipografas kolonizuoja ir kitas spygliuo\u010di\u0173 r\u016b\u0161is. D\u0117l \u0161ios prie\u017easties, \u0161alys u\u017e Eurazijos rib\u0173 deda dideles pastangas, kad \u0161is vabalas neb\u016bt\u0173 \u012fve\u017etas su medienos produkcija. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":22580,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[94,47],"class_list":["post-22579","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-gamta","tag-miskas","tag-pirmasis"],"yoast_head":"\nMa\u017eas vabalas \u2013 didel\u012f med\u012f pra\u017eudo - \u0160ilut\u0117s naujienos<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.silutesnaujienos.lt\/lt\/mazas-vabalas-dideli-medi-prazudo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"lt_LT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ma\u017eas vabalas \u2013 didel\u012f med\u012f pra\u017eudo - \u0160ilut\u0117s naujienos\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Paplitimas ir buvein\u0117s \u017d. tipografas sutinkamas Europoje ir Azijoje, jo paplitimo arealas i\u0161 esm\u0117s sutampa su paprastosios egl\u0117s arealu. Nors paprastoji egl\u0117 yra pagrindinis \u0161io vabalo augalas-\u0161eimininkas, pasitaiko atvej\u0173, kai \u017e. tipografas kolonizuoja ir kitas spygliuo\u010di\u0173 r\u016b\u0161is. D\u0117l \u0161ios prie\u017easties, \u0161alys u\u017e Eurazijos rib\u0173 deda dideles pastangas, kad \u0161is vabalas neb\u016bt\u0173 \u012fve\u017etas su medienos produkcija. 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Nors paprastoji egl\u0117 yra pagrindinis \u0161io vabalo augalas-\u0161eimininkas, pasitaiko atvej\u0173, kai \u017e. tipografas kolonizuoja ir kitas spygliuo\u010di\u0173 r\u016b\u0161is. D\u0117l \u0161ios prie\u017easties, \u0161alys u\u017e Eurazijos rib\u0173 deda dideles pastangas, kad \u0161is vabalas neb\u016bt\u0173 \u012fve\u017etas su medienos produkcija. 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